Update EXIV2 TAGNAMES & VALUES section in manpage
Changes: + Add missing tag groups in Exif list and reformat + Update text explaining Exiv2 types + Add text explaining tag groups, multiple elements and date/time formats + Format closer to manpage standard
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man/man1/exiv2.1
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man/man1/exiv2.1
@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ Where \fIfile\fP contains image metadata, optionally specified using a URL (http
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\fItgt3\fP a | e | i | p | t | x | C | X | XX | -
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all, Exif, IPTC, preview, thumbnail, XMP, ICC Profile, SideCar, Raw XMP, stdin/out
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\fItype\fP An Exif, IPTC or XMP tag type (e.g., xmpText). See \fBEXIV2 TAGNAMES AND VALUES\fP
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\fItype\fP An Exif, IPTC or XMP tag type (e.g., xmpText). See \fBExif/IPTC/XMP types\fP
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\fI+-n\fP The amount to change in the date (e.g., -3). Default is \fB+\fP when \fB+\fP/\fB-\fP are missing
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@ -742,71 +742,233 @@ Empty lines and lines starting with \fB#\fP in a command file are
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ignored (comments). Remaining lines are commands as described above.
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.br
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.ne 40
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.SH EXIV2 TAGNAMES AND VALUES
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Exiv2 displays metadata tags and values.
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.SH EXIV2 GROUPS, TYPES AND VALUES
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Exiv2 supports Exif 2.32, Adobe XMP 4.4.0 by default, although can be built with newer versions of the SDK, and many manufacturer's MakerNotes.
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.SS Exiv2 tags
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Exiv2 metadata keys are made up of a triplet of 'Family.Group.Tagname' (e.g., Exif.Image.Model). The following groups are defined for the Exif family:
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.sp 1
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The tag is a triplet of Family.Group.Tagname. The following groups are defined for the family Exif:
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.TS
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l l l l l l.
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GPSInfo Canon Nikon1 NikonMe OlympusFe8 SonyMisc2b
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Image CanonCf Nikon2 NikonPc OlympusFe9 SonyMisc3c
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Image2 CanonCs Nikon3 NikonPreview OlympusFi SonyMinolta
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Image3 CanonFi NikonAFT NikonSi01xx OlympusIp SonySInfo1
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Iop CanonPa NikonAf NikonSi02xx OlympusRd
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MakerNote CanonPi NikonAf NikonSiD300a OlympusRd2 Samsung2
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MpfInfo CanonPr NikonAf2 NikonSiD300b OlympusRi SamsungPictureWizard
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Photo CanonSi NikonAf22 NikonSiD40 SamsungPreview
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SubImage1 CanonTi NikonCb1 NikonSiD80 Sigma
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SubImage2 NikonCb2 NikonVr
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SubImage3 Casio NikonCb2a NikonWt Sony1
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SubImage4 Casio2 NikonCb2b Sony1Cs
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SubImage5 NikonCb3 Olympus Sony1Cs2
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SubImage6 Minolta NikonCb4 Olympus2 Sony1MltCs7D
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SubImage7 MinoltaCs5D NikonFi OlympusCs Sony1MltCsA100
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SubImage8 MinoltaCs7D NikonFl1 OlympusEq Sony1MltCsNew
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SubImage9 MinoltaCsNew NikonFl2 OlympusFe1 Sony1MltCsOld
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SubThumb1 MinoltaCsOld NikonFl3 OlympusFe2 Sony2
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Thumbnail NikonIi OlympusFe3 Sony2Cs
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Panasonic NikonLd1 OlympusFe4 Sony2Cs2
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Pentax PanasonicRaw NikonLd2 OlympusFe5 Sony2010e
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PentaxDng NikonLd3 OlympusFe6 Sony2Fp
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Fujifilm NikonLd4 OlympusFe7 SonyMisc1
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.TE
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.sp 1
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A full list of built-in Exif, IPTC and XMP tags is available online at
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\fIhttps://www.exiv2.org/metadata.html\fP. To query Exiv2 Groups and Tagnames,
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a sample program called \fItaglist\fP is provided (see
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\fIhttps://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/README-SAMPLES.md\fP), which
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can be built from source (see \fIhttps://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/README.md\fP) or
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downloaded from \fIhttps://www.exiv2.org/download.html\fP.
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.sp 1
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For the Exif, IPTC and XMP groups:
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.sp 1
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.IP \(bu
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The same tags that are available in Exif's Image group (e.g., \fIExif.Image.XResolution\fP),
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are also available in Exif's Thumbnail, Image(2|3), SubImage(1-9) and
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SubThumb1 groups, (e.g., \fIExif.Thumbnail.XResolution\fP).
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.sp 1
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.IP \(bu
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Many camera manufacturer tags are available and are accessed as different
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Exif groups, using the manufacturer's name as a prefix (e.g., CanonCs is the
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Camera Settings for a Canon camera). Groups called the manufacturer name
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plus number, access the main tags in different file formats (e.g., Sony1 is for
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JPEGs, Sony2 is for others such as TIFF and ARW). Groups are available for
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use, depending upon which camera manufacturer and model captured the photo.
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Supporting the large number of tags for all the different manufacturers
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is an ongoing task, only partial support is available. The full unprocessed
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makernotes data is available in Exif.Photo.MakerNote.
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.sp 1
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.IP \(bu
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Every Exif tag and IPTC dataset has a tag number (16 bit, 2 byte integer),
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which is unique within a Group (to display, see \fB--Print\fP \fIx\fP).
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.sp 1
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.IP \(bu
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Some of the Exif tags and IPTC datasets are mirrored in the XMP specification
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(see \fIhttps://www.exiv2.org/metadata.html\fP).
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.sp 1
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.IP \(bu
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The XMP specification is flexible and allows new custom Groups and
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Tagnames to be added (see \fBCommand format\fP).
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.sp 1
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For example, the 'cm2e' Group has been added, which has 'Father' and 'Family'
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Tagnames. Aditionally, a 'Family' tag has been added to the built-in 'dc' Group:
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.sp 1
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.nf
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GPSInfo Canon Fujifilm NikonMe OlympusFe7 SonyMisc2b
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Image CanonCf NikonPc OlympusFe9 SonyMisc3c
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Image2 CanonCs Nikon1 NikonPreview OlympusFi SonyMinolta
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Image3 CanonFi Nikon2 NikonSi01xx OlympusIp SonySInfo1
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Iop CanonPa Nikon3 NikonSi02xx OlympusRd
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MakerNote CanonPi NikonAFT NikonSiD300a OlympusRd2 Samsung2
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MpfInfo CanonPr NikonAf NikonSiD300b OlympusRi SamsungPictureWizard
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Photo CanonSi NikonAf2 NikonSiD40 SamsungPreview
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SubImage1 CanonTi NikonAf22 NikonSiD80 Sigma
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SubImage2 NikonCb1 NikonVr
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SubImage3 Casio NikonCb2 NikonWt Sony1
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SubImage4 Casio2 NikonCb2a Sony1Cs
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SubImage5 NikonCb3 Olympus Sony1Cs2
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SubImage6 Minolta NikonCb4 Olympus2 Sony1MltCs7D
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SubImage7 MinoltaCs5D NikonFi OlympusCs Sony1MltCsA100
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SubImage8 MinoltaCs7D NikonFl1 OlympusEq Sony1MltCsNew
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SubImage9 MinoltaCsNew NikonFl2 OlympusFe1 Sony1MltCsOld
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SubThumb1 MinoltaCsOld NikonFl3 OlympusFe2 Sony2
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Thumbnail NikonIi OlympusFe3 Sony2Cs
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Panasonic NikonLd1 OlympusFe4 Sony2Cs2
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Pentax PanasonicRaw NikonLd2 OlympusFe5 Sony2Fp
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PentaxDng NikonLd3 OlympusFe6 SonyMisc1
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\& $ curl --silent -O https://clanmills.com/Stonehenge.jpg
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\& $ exiv2 --print x Stonehenge.jpg
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\& Xmp.xmp.Rating XmpText 1 0
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\& Xmp.xmp.ModifyDate XmpText 25 2015-07-16T20:25:28+01:00
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\& Xmp.cm2e.Father XmpText 11 Robin Mills
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\& Xmp.cm2e.Family XmpBag 0
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\& Xmp.dc.description LangAlt 1 lang="x-default" Classic View
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\& Xmp.dc.Family XmpBag 1 Robin
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.fi
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.IP \(bu
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Further information on Exiv2 groups can be found on the Exiv2 wiki: \fIhttps://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/wiki\fP
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.sp 1
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Exiv2 supports Exif 2.2 Standard Tags. Exiv2 also supports reading and writing manufacturer's MakerNote. The information in Exif.Photo.MakerNote is encoded as manufacturer's sub-records. For example, CanonCs are Camera Settings, NikonAf are Nikon Auto Focus records, NikonCb are Nikon Color Balance Records. Every tag is defined by a unique tagId (16 bit integer) which is unique within a Group.
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.sp
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You can query Exiv2 groups and tags with the sample program taglist which is documented in \fIhttps://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/README-SAMPLES.md\fP
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.sp
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.ne 20
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Exif Metadata values are defined in the Exif Standard. All data is an array of data elements. The Count defines the number elements in the array. All elements in an array have the same type.
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.sp 1
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.SS Exif/IPTC/XMP types
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.nf
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Type Explanation
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1 BYTE An 8-bit unsigned integer.
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2 ASCII 7-bit ASCII. NUL terminated.
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3 SHORT A 16-bit (2-byte) unsigned integer.
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4 LONG A 32-bit (4-byte) unsigned integer
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5 RATIONAL Two LONGs. Numerator, denominator.
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7 UNDEFINED An 8-bit byte.
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8 SSHORT A 16-bit (2-byte) signed integer.
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9 SLONG A 32-bit (4-byte) signed integer.
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10 SRATIONAL Two SLONGs. Numerator, denominator.
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.fi
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.sp
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The printing flag t = translated and is intended for human use. Scripts should never use translated values as they are localised and the format may change as Exiv2 evolves. The printing flag v reports the values recorded in the metadata and should be used by scripts.
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Each tag uses a specific type to store the value, with all elements in any array having the same type. Available types for the
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different 'Family' categories are:
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.sp 1
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.TP
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\fBExif\fI
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.TS
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lB lB lB lB
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_ _ _ _
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l l l l.
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Type Format Element Comment
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Short A 16-bit (2-byte) unsigned integer Single
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Long A 32-bit (4-byte) unsigned integer Single
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Rational Two Long types. Numerator and denominator Single Use as X/Y (e.g., "31/1" is 31.0)
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Byte A string of 8-bit unsigned integers Single
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SShort A 16-bit (2-byte) signed integer Single
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SLong A 32-bit (4-byte) signed integer Single
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SRational Two SLong types. Numerator and denominator Single Use as [ + | - ]X/Y (e.g., "-31/1" is -31.0)
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SByte A string of 8-bit signed integers Single
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Float Signed single precision (4-byte) IEEE format Single Use as a signed decimal (e.g., "-0.5" is -0.5)
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Double Signed double precision (8-byte) IEEE format Single Use as a signed decimal (e.g., "-0.5" is -0.5)
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Ascii A string of 7-bit ASCII. NULL terminated Single Use as a string (e.g., "Value")
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Comment A string of 7-bit ASCII. NULL terminated Single Use as a string (e.g., "Value")
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Undefined A string of 8-bit bytes Single Use as a string (e.g., "Value")
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.TE
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.sp 1
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.TP
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\fBIPTC\fP
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.TS
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lB lB lB lB
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_ _ _ _
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l l l l.
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Type Format Element Comment
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String A string of ASCII Single
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Short A 16-bit (2-byte) unsigned integer Single
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Date A string of ASCII (8 bytes) Single See \fBDate/Time formats\fP
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Time A string of ASCII (11 bytes) Single See \fBDate/Time formats\fP
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Undefined A string of 8-bit bytes Single Use as a string (e.g., "Value")
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.TE
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.sp 1
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.TP
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\fBXMP\fP
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.TS
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lB lB lB lB
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_ _ _ _
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l l l l.
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Type Format Element Comment
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LangAlt A string of text Multi Similar to XmpAlt. Alternative text for different languages, e.g., 'lang="x-default" Black, lang="fr-FR" Noir' (see \fBMultiple elements\fP and \fBCommand format\fP)
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XmpAlt A string of text Multi An ordered array, any default value is first
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XmpBag A string of text Multi An unordered array (e.g., 3 values, "Red, Yellow, Green"), see \fBMultiple elements\fP and \fBCommand format\fP
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XmpSeq A string of text Multi An ordered array (e.g., 3 values, "Gold, Silver, Bronze"), see \fBMultiple elements\fP and \fBCommand format\fP
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XmpText A string of text Single
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.TE
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.sp 1
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.SS
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\fBMultiple elements\fP
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Some IPTC datasets and XMP properties allow multiple elements to be stored, although they both do this in different ways.
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.TP
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\fBIPTC\fP
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.sp 1
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IPTC datasets marked as repeatable, can have multiple entries with the
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same key (Family.Group.Tagname) in the image metadata (for supported datasets,
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see \fIhttps://www.exiv2.org/iptc.html\fP, column R).
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For example, a file containing three Iptc.Application2.Subject values:
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.nf
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\& $ exiv2 --grep Application2 Stonehenge_with_extra_data.jpg
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\& Iptc.Application2.RecordVersion Short 1 4
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\& Iptc.Application2.Caption String 12 Monument
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\& Iptc.Application2.Subject String 10 Stonehenge
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\& Iptc.Application2.Subject String 6 Cloudy
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\& Iptc.Application2.Subject String 5 Grass
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.fi
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.TP
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\fBXMP\fP
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.sp 1
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XMP multiple values are grouped together within the same tag, using ", " as
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a separator (see \fBExif/IPTC/XMP types\fP for supported types). If a default
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value exists for a LangAlt or XmpAlt tag, then this is the first item listed.
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For example, a file containing two Xmp.dc.description values (for format, see
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\fBCommand format\fP) and three Xmp.dc.subject values:
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.nf
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\& $ exiv2 --grep description --grep subject Stonehenge_with_extra_data.jpg
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\& Xmp.dc.description LangAlt 1 lang="x-default" Monument, lang="de-DE" das Monument
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\& Xmp.dc.subject XmpBag 3 Stonehenge, Cloudy, Grass
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.fi
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.ne 8
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.fi
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.SS Exif DateTime
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.SS Date/Time formats
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.fi
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The times and dates are stored using different formats in image metadata.
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.TP
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\fBExif\fP
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.sp 1
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An Exif DateTime string is stored as 20 ascii bytes (including trailing NULL) in the format:
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.RS
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.IP
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YYYY:MM:DD HH:mm:SS
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.sp 1
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YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS
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.RE
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.IP
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where YYYY:MM:DD is the year, month and day and HH:mm:SS is the hour, minute
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and second (e.g., "2010:09:15 08:45:21" is 08:45:21 on 15-Aug-10).
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.IP
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The options \fB--timestamp\fP and \fB--Timestamp\fP will accept files
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in which the Date part, has been incorrectly stored as YYYY-MM-DD.
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.TP
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\fBIPTC\fP
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.sp 1
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The \fBexiv2\fP options \fB--timestamp\fP and \fB--Timestamp\fP will accept files
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in which the Date has been incorrectly stored as YYYY-MM-DD.
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The option \fB--adjust\fP \fItime\fP enables the user to adjust the DateTime in the file and applies
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the YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS standard.
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An IPTC 'Date' type is stored in the format:
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.sp 1
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.RS
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.IP
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YYYYMMDD
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.RE
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.IP
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where YYYYMMDD is the year, month and day (e.g., "20100915" is 15-Aug-10).
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.sp 1
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An IPTC 'Time' type is stored in the format:
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.RS
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.IP
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HHMMSScHHMM
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.RE
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.IP
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where HHMMSS refers to local time's hour, minutes and seconds and, HHMM
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refers to hours and minutes with c being ahead (+) or behind (-) Universal
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Coordinated Time (UCT) as described in ISO 8601 (e.g., 084515+0100 is
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08:45:15, which is +1 hour different from UCT).
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.TP
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\fBMakernote tags\fP
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.sp 1
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There is no one single format. Different camera manufacturers use different
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formats, even within their own sets of tags. Some tags use encoded data
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that does not conform to any official format.
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.ne 40
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.SH CONFIGURATION FILE
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\fBexiv2\fP can read an optional configuration file, which allows
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@ -987,7 +1149,10 @@ The Exiv2 project is released under the GNU GPLv2 license: \fIhttps://github.com
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Exiv2 'modify' command examples: \fIhttps://exiv2.org/sample.html#modify\fP
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All Exiv2 tags, listing the \fIkey\fP and default \fItype\fP: \fIhttps://exiv2.org/metadata.html\fP
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Exiv2 README.md: \fIhttps://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/README.md\fP
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Exiv2 sample programs: \fIhttps://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/README-SAMPLES.md\fP
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Exiv2 downloads: \fIhttps://www.exiv2.org/download.html\fP
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Exiv2 wiki: \fIhttps://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/wiki\fP
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APEX Exposure values: \fIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX_system\fP
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International Language Codes: \fIhttps://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt\fP
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Windows INI format: \fIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INI_file\fP
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